A curated index of over 30 seminal studies defining the mechanisms and efficacy of bioactive peptides.
Peptides Med Center indexes studies based on a hierarchy of evidence. We prioritize systematic reviews and meta-analyses, followed by Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs). Animal model data is included only when human data is limited but the mechanism of action is well-preserved across mammalian species. All citations link directly to the National Library of Medicine (PubMed).
Key Finding: Local application of BPC-157 significantly improved the biomechanical properties of healing tendons in rat models, demonstrating faster collagen organization and load-to-failure strength compared to controls.
PMID: 20388954 →Key Finding: BPC-157 was found to accelerate the process of re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation in deep partial-thickness burns, likely via the upregulation of the VEGF pathway.
PMID: 17709328 →Key Finding: Demonstrates TB-500’s ability to promote corneal healing and reduce inflammation through actin sequestration and the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
PMID: 21030672 →Key Finding: Confirmed BPC-157’s role in stimulating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, crucial for cell proliferation and angiogenesis in wound recovery.
PMID: 24304652 →Key Finding: A comprehensive review of TB4’s role in cardiac and skeletal muscle repair, highlighting its potential to recruit stem cells to the site of injury.
PMID: 19931317 →Key Finding: BPC-157 successfully reversed the impairment of healing caused by systemic corticosteroid use, suggesting a protective mechanism against catabolic drugs.
PMID: 15176166 →Key Finding: BPC-157 significantly increased the bursting pressure of colonic anastomoses in rats, indicating stronger and safer surgical healing.
PMID: 22909430 →Key Finding: The landmark STEP 1 trial showing a mean weight loss of 14.9% with Semaglutide 2.4mg compared to 2.4% with placebo over 68 weeks.
PMID: 33567185 →Key Finding: Clinical trial demonstrating that Tirzepatide (15mg) achieved a mean weight reduction of 20.9%, surpassing the efficacy of selective GLP-1 agonists alone.
PMID: 35658024 →Key Finding: Tesamorelin significantly reduced visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by 18% over 52 weeks without altering subcutaneous fat, improving triglyceride levels.
PMID: 20573800 →Key Finding: Identified that the lipolytic activity of hGH resides in the C-terminal fragment (AOD-9604), which induces fat breakdown without inducing insulin resistance.
PMID: 11739097 →Key Finding: Retatrutide (GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon) achieved a staggering 24.2% mean weight reduction at 48 weeks, setting a new benchmark for pharmacological weight loss.
PMID: 37366315 →Key Finding: MOTS-c administration prevented age-dependent and high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance in mice, suggesting it acts as an exercise-mimetic.
PMID: 31184699 →Key Finding: GHK-Cu modulates over 4,000 genes, resetting the expression of human fibroblast genes to a younger state, promoting collagen synthesis and DNA repair.
PMID: 29904254 →Key Finding: Epitalon induced telomerase activity in human cells, leading to telomere elongation and serving as a potential mechanism for its life-extension effects observed in animal models.
PMID: 12832861 →Key Finding: One of the earliest studies confirming GHK-Cu’s ability to directly stimulate collagen production in skin fibroblasts, forming the basis for its use in cosmetics.
PMID: 2664845 →Key Finding: Introduction of the FOXO4-DRI peptide selectively killed senescent cells in aging mice, restoring fitness, fur density, and renal function.
PMID: 28388409 →Key Finding: Comparative study showing Epitalon’s ability to normalize circadian rhythms and extend lifespan in Drosophila and rodent models effectively alongside other geroprotectors.
PMID: 27060377 →Key Finding: Patients treated with Cerebrolysin showed significantly improved cognitive recovery and reduced mortality rates following traumatic brain injury compared to standard care.
PMID: 24361510 →Key Finding: Semax administration prevents oxidative stress in the brain during ischemia, preserving neuronal structure and function.
PMID: 17024095 →Key Finding: Dihexa was found to be seven orders of magnitude more potent than BDNF at inducing dendritic spine formation in hippocampal neurons, highlighting its potential for Alzheimer’s.
PMID: 23168595 →Key Finding: Selank demonstrated a unique profile of anxiolysis (anti-anxiety) combined with nootropic (memory-enhancing) effects, without the sedation typical of benzodiazepines.
PMID: 18413669 →Key Finding: Large-scale trial confirming the safety and efficacy of Cerebrolysin in improving motor function and neurological outcomes in stroke victims.
PMID: 19226162 →Key Finding: A single injection of CJC-1295 increased mean plasma GH concentrations by 2-10 fold for 6 days or longer, validating the efficacy of the Drug Affinity Complex (DAC).
PMID: 16380674 →Key Finding: Demonstrated Ipamorelin’s high selectivity for GH release without stimulating ACTH (cortisol) or prolactin, a major advantage over GHRP-2 and GHRP-6.
PMID: 10773619 →Key Finding: Oral administration of MK-677 significantly increased serum GH and IGF-1 levels to those of healthy young adults without significant adverse effects.
PMID: 9349662 →Key Finding: Established Hexarelin as one of the most potent GH secretagogues, though noted for its potential to also stimulate cortisol release at higher doses.
PMID: 8530594 →Key Finding: Argues that Sermorelin is superior to rhGH injections for aging therapy because it preserves the hypothalamic-pituitary-somatotropic axis and negative feedback loops.
PMID: 11796674 →